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■Bio-mathematics, Statistics and Nano-Technologies: Mosquito Control Strategies

were reported by de Oliveira et al. (2021). The authors concluded that these two essential

oils with 4-terpineol, carvacrol and thymol have larvicidal and adulticidal potential for the

control of Ae. aegypti and, therefore, can be considered eco-friendly source for develop-

ment of new insecticides. The essential oil from Dai medicinal plant Zingiber cassumunar,

containing 4-terpineol, is used in traditional medicine and also express larvicidal, adulti-

cidal and repellent activities against Aedes albopictus (Ming-Xiang et al. 2020). The field

efficacy of the smoke repellency of ethnomedicinal plant (Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus

camaldulensis and Ocimum forskolin) against Anopheles arabiensis and Ae. aegypti was

analyzed in Ethiopia (Wendimu and Tekalign 2021). Tested powders shown significant

protection (> 90%) against both mosquito species and have the potential to be used for

the mosquito control. Additionally, these repellents are reported to be safe, eco-friendly,

cheap and easy to use while providing the maximum area repellency against mosquitos.

Benelli et al. (2020) have tested the essential oils from the stem wood, fresh and dry bark

of Hazomalania voyronii against Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Madagascar.

They reported that essential oils from H. voyronii can be used in the fabrication of green

repellents and insecticides for the mosquito control.

The synergistic effect of the essential oils from Cinnamomum plants were tested against

Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Aungtikun and Soonwera 2021). A high insecticidal ef-

ficacy against Aedes population has been observed. A mosquito repellent activity of iso-

lated oleic acid, eicosyl ester from Thalictrum javanicum was evaluated against Ae. aegypti

and C. quinquefasciatus (Gurunathan et al. 2016). Results from this research suggest that

these substances express larvicidal activity. A type of lichen (Ramalina usnea) was tested

for larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti (Moreira et al. 2016). Compounds 2-hydroxy-

4-methoxy-6-propyl-methyl benzoate and usnic acid demonstrated the potential for the

development of new synthetic molecules with larvicidal activity. Recent researches from

Kajla et al. (2019) and Kajla (2020) revealed bacteria as a novel source for potent mosquito

control. Fabclavines, compounds isolated from Gram-negative bacteria Xenorhabdus bu-

dapestensis, manifest a potent feeding-deterrent activity against important mosquito vec-

tors Ae. aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens (Kajla et al. 2019). Authors re-

ported that the mosquito feeding-deterrent activity is comparable to or better than repel-

lents currently available on the market, such as DEET or picaridin. Article published by

Kajla (2020) pointed out that Gram-negative bacteria from Xenorhabdus and Photorhab-

dus species produce insecticidal compounds that can be used as a feeding-deterrents. Singh

and Sheikh (2021) focused their research on the synthesis of novel mosquito repellent dyes

from a combination of mosquito repellents. They pointed out that novel disperse dyes can

be used as a tool for the multifunctional modification of polyester-based textile substrates.

A great influence in the field of mosquito repellents discovery holds odorant-binding

protein (OBP)-based molecular docking, ligand-based screening and molecular simulation.

Balachandran et al. (2021) conducted a molecular docking study of natural alkaloids that

represent an acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) inhibitors in Ae. aegypti. Twenty-five alkaloids

served as ligands and their docking ability with an AChE1 receptor was tested. According

to the minimum energy results and the best fit into the binding pocket the alpha-solanine

was chosen as the best inhibitor of AChE1 in Ae. aegypti. A novel bioinspired synthetic